Background One of the biggest challenges of practicing medicine in the age of informational technology is how to conciliate the overwhelming amount of medical-scientific information with the multiple patients’ values of modern pluralistic societies. To organize and optimize the the Decision-Making Process of seriously ill patient care, we present a framework to be used by Healthcare Providers. The objective is to align Bioethics, Evidence-based Practice and Person-centered Care. Main body The framework divides the DMP into four steps, each with a (...) different but complementary focus, goal and ethical principle. Step 1 focuses exclusively on the disease, having accuracy is its ethical principle. It aims at an accurate and probabilistic estimation of prognosis, absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction and treatments’ burdens. Step 2 focuses on the person, using empathic communication to learn about patient values and what suffering means for the patient. Emphasis is given to learning and active listening, not taking action. Thus, instead beneficence, we trust comprehension and understanding with the suffering of others and respect for others as autonomous moral agents as the ethical principles of Step 2. Step 3 focuses on the healthcare team, having the ethics of situational awareness guiding this step. The goal is, through effective teamwork, to contextualize and link rates and probabilities related to the disease to the learned patient’s values, presenting a summary of which treatments the team considers as acceptable, recommended, potentially inappropriate and futile. Finally, Step 4 focuses on provider-patient relationship, seeking shared Goals of Care, for the best and worst scenario. Through an ethics of deliberation, it aims for a consensus that could ensure that the patient’s values will be respected as well as a scientifically acceptable medical practice will be provided. In summary: accuracy, comprehension, understanding, situational awareness and deliberation would be the ethical principles guiding each step. Conclusion Hopefully, by highlighting and naming the different perspectives of knowledge needed in clinical practice, this framework will be valuable as a practical and educational tool, guiding modern medical professionals through the many challenges of providing high quality person-centered care that is both ethical and evidence based. (shrink)

Este dossiê representa a continuidade de um projecto centrado no património dos agentes ligados à produção, circulação e recepção do livro. A partir da história e dos espólios de empresas editoriais e de coleccionadores, bibliófilos e/ou divulgadores, a introdução problematizante e os depoimentos convocam a memória dos agentes e debatem as ameaças que pendem sobre essa herança cultural riquíssima e possíveis soluções. As boas práticas de vários países impõem uma reflexão inadiável para o contexto português: que vias de cooperação inter-institucional (...) concretas para garantir o depósito, tratamento e comunica­ção duma dimensão fulcral do património e da memória colectiva. A relevância desta ques­tão deve-se a estar inextricavelmente ligada a um reconhecimento sustentável do estatuto patrimonial e histórico dos acervos dos editores e doutros agentes ligados à edição e ao livro enquanto espaços vitais para a construção da cultura impressa e para a história do livro e da edição. Os depoimentos referidos são de Carlos da Veiga Ferreira, Fernando Paulouro Neves e Francisco Pedro Lyon de Castro. (shrink)

Faced with the criticism of the biopolitical control exercised in the COVID-19 pandemic, we defend the importance of a re-examination of the foucauldian reflections so that the critical diagnoses of the present is accompanied by a careful analysis of the fields of force and knowledges in which such controls occur. Bearing in mind the correlation between security mechanisms and the management of insecurities, we argue that in the management of the pandemic by the brazilian executive government, the excesses of power (...) took place more due to the lack of imposing restrictive health measures and obstacles to the control of contagion than through restrictive actions of classical individual freedoms. (shrink)

O artigo trata do modo como as pesquisas genealógicas de Nietzsche e de Foucault, opondo-se aos pressupostos metafísicos, engendram relações ético-políticas que escapam ao apelo de qualquer normatividade ideal ao realizar a crítica do presente. Partindo da recusa no pensamento nietzscheano da oposição de valores que forja origens sublimes desligadas da imanência das disputas mundanas, exploramos como a reconstrução das invenções históricas de valores induz à demanda por uma construção afirmativa de si mesmo. Em um segundo momento, o artigo se (...) ocupa das ressonâncias e desdobramentos da genealogia de Nietzsche no pensamento foucaultiano, analisando, principalmente, como a tarefa do diagnóstico do presente transforma a filosofia e sua forma de atuação. Por fim, concluímos com uma possibilidade de afirmação de um modo de vida outro na reflexão de Foucault sobre o movimento gay. (shrink)

Neste artigo defendo uma interpretação pluralista para a teoria do significado de Peirce quando aplicada a termos gerais que fazem referência a tipos naturais ou, como recentemente estabelecido no debate contemporâneo, termos de tipos naturais. Conduzido por uma análise dos escritos de Peirce, podemos encontrar uma teoria confiável e promissora para esta ampla categoria de termos. Orientando-se por leitores privilegiados da filosofia de Peirce, duas posições principais são identificadas e comparadas por via do método pragmático. A partir das conclusões desta (...) comparação, encontramos fortes razões para selecionar a posição pluralista moderada, enfatizando a teleologia dos agentes cognitivos em detrimento de causas finais. Esta leitura de Peirce não é apenas fortemente naturalizada, mas também se apresenta como uma abordagem instrumentalista à filosofia da linguagem. A leitura pretende lançar luz sobre algumas das principais reivindicações deste que é um autor estratégico, em especial, quando confrontado com a discussão contemporânea em torno dos TTNs. O tratamento de Peirce aos termos gerais é enriquecido por novas pesquisas empíricas em ciências cognitivas e biossemiótica. Todo o trabalho tem uma dívida especial com estudos recentes em computação cognitiva que introduziram o conceito de aptidão semântica para modelar um nível ótimo de abstração para produzir representações mais significativas em um determinado domínio ontológico, classificando objetos particulares de forma dinâmica e progressiva. Esta noção é introduzida para uma interpretação efetivamente evolucionária da teoria dos termos genéricos de Peirce e na exposição das vantagens desta estrutura conceitual. (shrink)

L’auteur s’est attachée à l’écriture singulière de G. Duby dans le domaine de l’histoire des femmes, et tout particulièrement dans les trois volumes des Dames du XIIe siècle. G. Duby y témoigne en effet d’une vigilance toute particulière à l’égard de l’expression, en centrant son discours sur un « JE » qui assume les risques d’affronter des documents toujours masculins, pour y débusquer ce qu’il appelle « des ombres insaisissables », les femmes de l’époque féodale. Parfaite maîtrise des ressources de (...) la langue, syntaxe souple et inventive, mais aussi forte conscience des effets de la voix : cette langue est bien celle de l’affect tout comme celle d’un imagier. L’historiographe du féminin use d’une écriture subjective et dramatisée, où le point de vue de la narration désigne toujours la relation passionnée du locuteur avec les témoignages qu’il interroge. À quoi contribuent les alternances des perspectives temporelles et la constance de champs métaphoriques : capture, rapt, butin, girons périlleux ou fertiles... Martèlements et ellipses font de cette écriture un discours véhément et convaincant, le plus personnel que l’historien ait jamais mis en oeuvre. (shrink)

L’auteur s’est attachée à l’écriture singulière de G. Duby dans le domaine de l’histoire des femmes, et tout particulièrement dans les trois volumes des Dames du XIIe siècle. G. Duby y témoigne en effet d’une vigilance toute particulière à l’égard de l’expression, en centrant son discours sur un « JE » qui assume les risques d’affronter des documents toujours masculins, pour y débusquer ce qu’il appelle « des ombres insaisissables », les femmes de l’époque féodale. Parfaite maîtrise des ressources de (...) la langue, syntaxe souple et inventive, mais aussi forte conscience des effets de la voix : cette langue est bien celle de l’affect tout comme celle d’un imagier. L’historiographe du féminin use d’une écriture subjective et dramatisée, où le point de vue de la narration désigne toujours la relation passionnée du locuteur avec les témoignages qu’il interroge. À quoi contribuent les alternances des perspectives temporelles et la constance de champs métaphoriques : capture, rapt, butin, girons périlleux ou fertiles... Martèlements et ellipses font de cette écriture un discours véhément et convaincant, le plus personnel que l’historien ait jamais mis en oeuvre. (shrink)

Além de responder à pergunta título, pretende-se também apresentar as linhas gerais de um caminho que vem sendo proposto por alguns pensadores sobre de que modo a ciência poderia se modificar de modo a que pudéssemos utilizá-la para resolver nossos principais problemas. Para tanto iniciaremos explicitando o que consideramos as características mais fundamentais da racionalidade científica hegemônica, a saber: o atomismo e o método axiomático. Em seguida, apresentamos alguns conhecidos problemas das ciências, evidenciando suas relações com estas características fundamentais. Tais (...) problemas são tanto epistemológicos e metodológicos, internos ao próprio conhecimento, quanto éticos, relacionados às suas consequências. Em seguida, indicamos como a forte interconexão destes dois tipos de problemas pode ser compreendida quando entendemos a ciência de modo instrumental como uma resposta ao interesse de previsão para manipulação e controle. Por fim, partindo do reconhecimento do caráter contingente e socialmente construído do conhecimento científico, inclusive de suas características fundamentais, respondemos à questão título e apontamos, ainda de modo incipiente, algumas possibilidades de modificações metodológicas que têm sido propostas nos últimos anos. Em especial, apresentamos as que foram rotuladas de complexidade e a transdisciplinaridade, indicando algumas questões e possíveis linhas de pesquisa que estas abordagens suscitam. (shrink)

Il est toujours tentant de diviser l'histoire de la recherche en époques, surtout lorsqu'un groupe ou une tendance s'en fait le repère avec la « troi­sième quête », fût-ce au prix de pratiques exégétiques et de présupposés méthodologiques pour le moins discutables . Divers modèles et figures du Christ surgissent de cette quête multi­forme Jésus philosophe cynique itinérant, sapiential, homme de l'Esprit, prophète de la restauration d'Israêl, militant du changement social...), ce qui ne suffit pourtant pas à jeter le soupçon (...) sur tous les auteurs ou sur la totalité de leurs travaux dont certains, par leur connaissance du milieu juif contemporain et des mouvements histori­ques, éclairent singulièrement le contexte politique dans lequel s'inscrit le destin du Christ. Témoignant d'une « relative cohérence », la « troisième quête », par l'usage des sources , la question de l'eschatologie et la valorisation de la judéité de Jésus, ravive la question de l'enjeu théologiquement fort de la quête du Jésus historique.It is always temping to divide historical research into periods, especially when a group or a tendency makes the division with a “ third quest », even at the price of exegetical practices and methodological presuppositions at the least debatable . Diverse models and figures of Christ arise from this multiform quest . This does not suffice, however, to throw suspicion on all the authors or on all theïr works , some of whom, by their knowledge of the contemporaneous Jewish milieu and historical movements hed singular light on the political context in which the destiny of Christ was written. Giving witness to a “relative coherenc”, the « third quest “ by using sources , the question of eschatology, and the valorization of the jewishness of Jesus, gives new life to the question of the strong theological stakes involved with the quest of the historical Jesus. (shrink)

Paru en 1975, Surveiller et punir de Michel Foucault a profondément marqué l'ensemble des sciences humaines et sociales. Plus de quarante ans après, la société de surveillance annoncée par Foucault se manifeste à travers des préoccupations sécuritaires croissantes et la quête fantasmatique d'un risque zéro. Les réformes successives de notre droit pénal traduisent une volonté forte de prévenir, voire de prédire, la réalisation des infractions. La surveillance se déploie non seulement dans l'enceinte carcérale mais au-delà des murs. Il s'avère (...) ainsi crucial de relire l'ouvrage de Foucault à la lumière d'une actualité juridique et politique dense, marquée par une progressive prise de conscience de la nécessité d'appréhender les questions pénales et pénitentiaires d'une manière globale et concertée, mais aussi par le caractère limité des avancées concrètes en ce domaine. Ainsi, en mobilisant une pluralité d'approches disciplinaires (du droit à la philosophie, de la science politique à la sociologie et à la psychiatrie), cet ouvrage se propose de mettre les analyses foucaldiennes de la société punitive, du pouvoir disciplinaire, de l'archipel carcéral, de la surveillance généralisée et de la production de la délinquance à l'épreuve de notre présent, à la fois pour en mesurer la portée réelle et pour élaborer un diagnostic original de notre actualité sociale, juridique et politique. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é modesto. Trata-se apenas de caracterizar as perspectivas reducionistas e emergentistas, apontando as distinções entre ambas as posturas, bem como ressaltar que embora haja uma aproximação quanto à possibilidade de se aceitar uma emergência de tipo “fraco”, há um distanciamento dessas posturas filosóficas no que concerne à emergência de tipo “forte”.

Understanding the relationship between wilderness outings and the resulting experience has been a central theme in resource-based, outdoor recreation research for nearly 50 years. The authors provide a review and synthesis of literature that examines how people, over time, build relationships with wilderness places and express their identities as consequences of multiple, ongoing wilderness engagements (i.e., continued participation). The paper reviews studies of everyday places and those specifically protected for wilderness and backcountry qualities. Beginning with early origins and working through (...) contemporary research the authors synthesize what diverse social scientists have learned about the long-term and continual nature of wilderness participation and its impact on the formation of identity. The thrust of the paper points researchers, planners, and managers in non-traditional directions and reframes goals and objectives for visitor planning and management in wilderness and other protected areas. (shrink)

Le débat entre libéraux et communautariens a fait coulé des fleuves d’encre depuis le début des années 1980 dans le domaine de la philosophie politique d’expression anglaise. Le coup d’envoi de ce débat fut sans doute la Théorie de la justice de John Rawls, publiée en 1971. Le livre suscita de la part des auteurs communautariens une vive réaction, dont les moments les plus forts furent probablement Liberalism and the Limits of Justice de Michael Sandel, Spheres of Justice de Michael (...) Walzer, et After Virtue, d’Alasdair MacIntyre. Le projet de Rawls fut de renouveler la tradition libérale du contrat social en mettant à contribution les ressources conceptuelles des sciences économiques et de la théorie du choix rationnel. Rawls démontra que des individus auxquels on aurait ôté toute information quant à leurs traits individuants choisiraient dans une situation contractuelle hypothétique des principes de justice garantissant en premier lieu à tous une part aussi importante que possible de droits et de libertés, et établissant deuxièmement, à travers le célèbre «principe de différence» les bases d’une redistribution équitable des richesses sociales. (shrink)

La vie d’Antoine-Jean Solier, protestant rouergat établi à Marseille comme négociant à la fin du xviiie siècle, a été scandée par l’écriture. Au fil de ses textes autobiographiques se révèle le for privé d’un homme pourtant peu enclin aux confidences. Le fils, le frère, le mari et le père s’expriment sous sa plume au gré des circonstances, esquissant le portrait complexe d’un être à la charnière de deux époques et de deux sensibilités. Porteur d’une tradition familiale construite sur de fortes (...) solidarités, tant professionnelles que confessionnelles, Antoine-Jean appartient aussi à cette génération des Lumières ouverte sur l’individu, dont la relation au divin se détend au profit d’une sensibilité plus humaniste. Ses écrits témoignent ainsi de toute l’ambiguïté de la relation à l’autre, selon le statut, le genre ou la place de chacun au sein de sa famille. (shrink)

Les crises économiques, financières, politiques, sociales, morales et écologiques se succèdent et s'entremêlent à l'échelle globale, au travers d'une mondialisation qui, dans la concrétisation de l'universel, traduit un jeu dual (global-local) dans lequel l'universalisation des conditions d'accès à l'universel fait défaut. L'extrême pauvreté dans les " sociétés non libérales " et le recul des libertés en termes de " capabilités " des plus vulnérables nous interpellent tous sur la glocalisation des grands maux sociétaux qui affligent en l'occurrence les plus mal (...) lotis et requièrent ainsi de nouvelles interrogations sur la pensée de John Rawls à propos de la solidarité et de la justice dans les relations internationales. Le glocaliste Thomas Pogge, qui mesure fort bien les enjeux de la conception de la justice comme équité à l'horizon cosmopolitique, se positionne en s'opposant à Rawls sur ce sujet. Le " principe de différence global " qui manque dans les politiques publiques et les institutions de redistribution de richesses est le point nodal de la discussion dans ce livre. Avec le souci d'établir les jalons d'un " développement glocaliste " juste et équitable, Daniel Noumbissié Tchamo ouvre un débat en philosophie pratique sur la distribution des richesses et les nouvelles considérations sur le développement dans une société mondiale glocalisée. (shrink)

Dentre os muitos agenciamentos que questionam e esgarçam as políticas neocoloniais eurocentradas ainda vigentes, parte de um amplo legado colonial, o campo das artes parece oferecer um espaço privilegiado de contestação, reivindicação e quebra de hegemonias.Em 2020, ano em que este dossiê é pensado e organizado, o assassinato de George Floyd aprofundou a crise social e moral causada pelo capitalismo racial e suas consequências nefastas, gerando uma forte onda de contestação contra o racismo estrutural, contra a brutalidade policial econtra (...) o terrorismo de Estado que avança sem limites sobre as populações racializadas ao redor do mundo todo. (shrink)

La vie d’Antoine-Jean Solier, protestant rouergat établi à Marseille comme négociant à la fin du xviiie siècle, a été scandée par l’écriture. Au fil de ses textes autobiographiques se révèle le for privé d’un homme pourtant peu enclin aux confidences. Le fils, le frère, le mari et le père s’expriment sous sa plume au gré des circonstances, esquissant le portrait complexe d’un être à la charnière de deux époques et de deux sensibilités. Porteur d’une tradition familiale construite sur de fortes (...) solidarités, tant professionnelles que confessionnelles, Antoine-Jean appartient aussi à cette génération des Lumières ouverte sur l’individu, dont la relation au divin se détend au profit d’une sensibilité plus humaniste. Ses écrits témoignent ainsi de toute l’ambiguïté de la relation à l’autre, selon le statut, le genre ou la place de chacun au sein de sa famille. (shrink)

Les notions de «mort» et de «mourir», parfois utilisées sans distinctions dans la littérature, font référence à deux dimensions fort différentes pour la personne en fin de vie, de même que pour toutes les personnes appelées à en prendre soin . Alors que la personne malade voit venir la mort, elle doit vivre son mourir. La mort succède ainsi au mourir, dans le temps. Par ailleurs, une réflexion d’ordre philosophique permet de préciser que la mort s’avère une ordonnance de la (...) nature, elle est privation de la vie et un mystère. Et en tant que mystère, elle prendra forme selon les différentes croyances attribuées à l’immortalité de l’âme. Quant au mourir, il est l’épreuve par excellence d’une situation-limite. De plus, en dépit du caractère unique et individuel de cette expérience nouvelle pour tous, il assume différents visages. Si l’espoir de «connaître une belle mort» se conçoit aisément, le mourir n’en demeure pas moins le moment le plus tragique de l’existence humaine. (shrink)

Depuis près de quarante ans, Pierre Manent trace une voie originale et féconde. Ses livres interrogent les formes politiques qui donnent sens à l'expérience historique, de la cité grecque aux nations européennes, en passant par l'Empire romain et l'Eglise chrétienne. Cet ouvrage, le premier entièrement consacré à Pierre Manent, aborde les grands thèmes de son oeuvre, autour de trois axes: la philosophie, la politique et la religion. Il examine également les principales étapes de la pensée politique : Aristote, Machiavel, Pascal, (...) Tocqueville... L'histoire et la philosophie politique éclairent les enjeux du présent, en particulier la crise de la démocratie et de la nation en Europe. Pour Pierre Manent et ceux qui s'en inspirent, la politique constitue le fait générateur des sociétés humaines. Elle façonne l'humanité de l'homme, qui se réalise dans la vie en commun. Aller vers la politique, c'est aller vers l'âme. Une incitation à lire et relire une oeuvre forte et pénétrante. (shrink)

Danielle Régnier-Bohler a dirigé une œuvre collective d’une grande originalité et d’une réelle importance en offrant au grand public comme aux médiévistes, pour la première fois, une anthologie de la littérature féminine du Moyen Âge fort ample et agrémentée d’études réalisées par les meilleurs spécialistes. Au-delà des genres littéraires, des frontières linguistiques et des siècles, comme son nom l’indique, cette belle œuvre a pour premier désir de rendre leur voix aux femmes ; ces femmes si...

L’ouvrage dirigé par D. Haase-Dubosc et M.-E. Henneau s’inscrit à la suite de la publication d’un premier volume consacré aux périodes pré- et post-révolutionnaires. Les deux volumes sont issus de colloques menés depuis 2008 à l’instigation de la SIEFAR dont l’objectif est d’inclure la question du genre dans l’approche des sociétés anciennes, avec une volonté forte de pluridisciplinarité en un croisement des points de vue et des bases documentaires. L’ensemble des onze articles couvre la péri...

This article analyzes the issue of organizational transparency through the lens of Thomas Aquinas’ ethics. It provides moral justification for current claims about corporate transparency and sheds light on the ethical values and virtues affecting information disclosure decisions. Transparency is conceptualized as an informational mechanism necessary for performing the virtues of truthfulness, justice, and prudence. This article extends the organizational transparency and corporate social responsibility literatures by providing an alternative moral justification grounded in virtue-based theory, which extends our understanding of (...) the information disclosure decisions made by management. (shrink)

Cultural diversity is an inescapable reality and a concern in many businesses where it can often raise ethical questions and dilemmas. This paper aims to offer suggestions to certain problems facing managers in dealing with cultural diversity through the inspiration of Thomas Aquinas. Although he may be perceived as a voice from the distant past, we can still find in his writings helpful and original ideas and criteria. He welcomes cultural differences as a part of the perfection of the universe. (...) His systemic approach leads one to place the problem in its proper context, and to reflect on it from the perspective of virtue ethics, with a central role for practical wisdom and giving primacy to neighborly love and natural moral law. Rather than a set of rigid standards with no consideration of diversity Aquinas focuses on the common human ground, which allows for the indispensable dialogue between different positions. When dealing with practical questions, the problem is one of finding the right balance between general principle and cultural specifics, tolerance, and dialogue, always guided by practical wisdom. In this way, Aquinas’ approach is neither rigid ethical universalism with no consideration for diversity nor moral relativism with no place for any transcultural and absolute morals. (shrink)

It is common to hear talk of the aim of belief and to find philosophers appealing to that aim for numerous explanatory purposes. What belief 's aim explains depends, of course, on what that aim is. Many hold that it is somehow related to truth, but there are various ways in which one might specify belief 's aim using the notion of truth. In this article, by considering whether they can account for belief 's standard of correctness and the epistemic (...) norms governing belief, I argue against certain prominent specifications of belief 's aim given in terms of truth, and advance a neglected alternative. (shrink)

The theme of consent is, without question, associated with the origins of bioethics and is one of its most significant paradigms that has remained controversial to the present, as is confirmed by the proposal for its debate during the last World Congress of Bioethics. Seen broadly as a compulsory minimum procedure in the field of biomedical ethics, even today it keeps open the issues that it has raised from the start: whether it is really necessary and whether it can be (...) proven to be effective. My goal will be to attempt to determine the most genuine and relevant meaning of consent, going back from its present dominant normative meaning and, from there, identifying or simply sketching other possible forms of its expression in the world we live in, so as to justify its pertinence and validity. This objective will involve three stages: (1) ‘Consent’ as a privileged paradigm of bioethics (the ethical-juridical sense), (2) The symbolic value of ‘consent’ (the social-cultural sense), and (3) ‘Consent’ as promotion of the human (the humanistic-personal sense) .It is concluded that the common notion of normative consent is not the only one, nor does it hold universal validity; that, from a historical-cultural perspective, new expressions of consent appear, adapted to different social contexts and to possibly be implemented in developing countries; and, finally, that consent is strictly indispensable in situations of extreme dependence, in its symbolic relational character, in as much as it promotes ethical relationships among strangers and ensures that they remain so. (shrink)

This study investigates whether employees attribute different motives to their organization's corporate social responsibility efforts and if these motives influence employee performance. Specifically, we investigate whether employees could distinguish between intrinsic and extrinsic CSR motives by surveying 229 employee–supervisor dyads from various industries , and the impact of these perceptions on in-role and extra-role performance of subordinates. We found that employee task performance increases when employees attribute both intrinsic and extrinsic motives for CSR. Moreover, when employees perceive that their organization (...) invests in a CSR practice that is both intrinsic and extrinsic, they also tend to exert extra effort in their work. Theoretical and practical implications are also discussed alongside future research directions. (shrink)

The text analyses rituals as endeavours to preserve the identity of a people or a portion of a people. Rituals present or re-present the supposed common history of all the migrants. Social memory and history then tend to merge and to forget... forgetfulness is the driving force behind the writing of history. Particularly critical is the moment when the migration starts, because the need to adapt to new conditions as well as to maintain what is represented as their social identity (...) makes dual – and at times contradictory – demands on the migrants’ imagination. Examples taken from Portuguese migrations are offered as expressions of the conceptual issues raised. (shrink)

This paper stems from the current global worsening of the scarcity of resources for healthcare, which will deepen even more in future public emergencies. This justifies strengthening the reflection on the allocation of resources which, in addition to considering technical issues, should also involve ethical concerns. The two plans in which the allocation of resources develops—macro and micro—are then systematized, both requiring the identification of ethical criteria for the respective complex decision-making. Then, we describe how the complexity at the macro (...) level focuses on the joint consideration of the rectitude of the principles, the goodness of the ends, and the integrity—respectively the deontological, teleological, and procedural perspectives; and at the micro level, it focuses in prioritizing people, which can result in the exclusion of some, as happened with the elderly during peaks of COVID-19. The main objective of this article is to show that, in public health emergency situations, in which the daily criteria for prioritizing access to health care are not efficient, it is possible not only to ration the available means but also to rationalize them. We argue that rationing and rationalization are different concepts, entail different consequences, have different ethical foundations, and draw different guidelines for patient care. We apply them to the distribution of intensive care and vaccines to the elderly thus demonstrating the ethically legitimate domain of implementation of each of these two prioritization criteria. We conclude that rationalization respects more strictly the core ethical principles of our common morality. (shrink)

This Dictionary presents a broad range of topics relevant in present-day global bioethics. With more than 500 entries, this dictionary covers organizations working in the field of global bioethics, international documents concerning bioethics, personalities that have played a role in the development of global bioethics, as well as specific topics in the field.The book is not only useful for students and professionals in global health activities, but can also serve as a basic tool that explains relevant ethical notions and terms. (...) The dictionary furthers the ideals of cosmopolitanism: solidarity, equality, respect for difference and concern with what human beings- and specifically patients - have in common, regardless of their backgrounds, hometowns, religions, gender, etc. Global problems such as pandemic diseases, disasters, lack of care and medication, homelessness and displacement call for global responses.This book demonstrates that a moral vision of global health is necessary and it helps to quickly understand the basic ideas of global bioethics. (shrink)

The _Physics_ is a foundational work of western philosophy, and the crucial one for understanding Aristotle's views on matter, form, essence, causation, movement, space, and time. This richly annotated, scrupulously accurate, and consistent translation makes it available to a contemporary English reader as no other does—in part because it fits together seamlessly with other closely associated works in the New Hackett Aristotle series, such as the _Metaphysics_, _De Anima_, and forthcoming _De Caelo_ and _On Coming to Be and Passing Away_. (...) Eventually the series will include all of Aristotle's works. Sequentially numbered endnotes provide the information most needed at each juncture, while a detailed Index of Terms indicates places where focused discussion of key notions occurs. An illuminating general Introduction describes the book that lies ahead, explaining what sort of work it is and what sorts of evidence it relies on. (shrink)

The notion of “integrity” is currently quite common and broadly recognized as complex, mostly due to its recurring and diverse application in various distinct domains such as the physical, psychic or moral, the personal or professional, that of the human being or of the totality of beings. Nevertheless, its adjectivation imprints a specific meaning, as happens in the case of “scientific integrity”. This concept has been defined mostly by via negativa, by pointing out what goes against integrity, that is, through (...) the identification of its infringements, which has also not facilitated the elaboration of an overarching and consensual code of scientific integrity. In this context, it is deemed necessary to clarify the notion of “integrity”, first etymologically, recovering the original meaning of the term, and then in a specifically conceptual way, through the identification of the various meanings with which the term can be legitimately used, particularly in the domain of scientific research and innovation. These two steps are fundamental and indispensable for a forthcoming attempt at systematizing the requirements of “scientific integrity”. (shrink)

Humans accumulate porphyrins in the body mostly during the course of porphyrias, diseases caused by defects in the enzymes of the heme biosynthesis pathway and that produce acute attacks, skin lesions and liver cancer. In contrast, some wild mammals and birds are adapted to accumulate porphyrins without injurious consequences. Here we propose viewing such physiological adaptations as potential solutions to human porphyrias, and suggest certain wild animals as models. Given the enzymatic activity and/or the patterns of porphyrin excretion and accumulation, (...) the fox squirrel, the great bustard and the Eurasian eagle owl may constitute overlooked models for different porphyrias. The Harderian gland of rodents, where large amounts of porphyrins are synthesized, presents an underexplored potential for understanding the carcinogenic/toxic effect of porphyrin accumulation. Investigating how these animals avoid porphyrin pathogenicity may complement the use of laboratory models for porphyrias and provide new insights into the treatment of these disorders. (shrink)

This article explores Hannah Arendt's insights into the forms of social control operating especially in democracies, together with the possibility of resistance to such control. Since the way in which one defines freedom informs one's understanding of the techniques that suppress, regulate, and modify behaviour, the article begins by sketching Arendt's notion of freedom, and compares this to its liberal counterpart. That discussion leads to Arendt's conception of power, whose corollary is freedom, and whose suppression amounts to control. The institutional (...) and ideological infrastructure that accompanies the encroachment of ?the social? ? which Arendt links to the hegemony of liberalism ? is conceived as rendering the individual both powerless and apathetic. The article concludes with suggestions regarding resistance to modern forms of control, viewing Arendt's ontology as a source of tenable strategies for the deepening of democracy. (shrink)